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Almond Bioaccessibility in a Randomized Crossover Trial: Is a Calorie a Calorie?

Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Toronto 3D (Diet, Digestive Tract and Disease) Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Ontario, Canada; Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Center, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Electronic address: https://twitter.com/@steph.nishi. Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Toronto 3D (Diet, Digestive Tract and Disease) Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Ontario, Canada; Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Center, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada. Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Joannah and Brian Lawson Centre for Child Nutrition, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Toronto 3D (Diet, Digestive Tract and Disease) Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Ontario, Canada; Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Center, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Toronto 3D (Diet, Digestive Tract and Disease) Knowledge Synthesis and Clinical Trials Unit, Ontario, Canada; Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Center, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Electronic address: john.sievenpiper@utoronto.ca.

Mayo Clinic proceedings. 2021;(9):2386-2397
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Abstract

OBJECTIVE To investigate the energy and macronutrient bioaccessibility of almonds in individuals with hyperlipidemia. METHODS In a previously reported randomized crossover trial, men and postmenopausal women with hyperlipidemia incorporated 3 isoenergetic supplements into a National Cholesterol Education Program Step 2 diet for 1 month each between September 20, 2000, and June 27, 2001. Supplements provided consisted of full-dose almonds (73±5 g/d), half-dose almonds (38±3 g/d) plus half-dose muffins, and full-dose muffins (control). Energy and macronutrients, including individual fatty acids, were measured in the dietary supplements and fecal samples using gas chromatography and Association of Official Analytical Chemists methods. Serum was measured for lipids and fatty acids. Bioaccessibility of energy and macronutrients from almond consumption was assessed from dietary intake (7-day food records) and fecal output. RESULTS Almond-related energy bioaccessibility was 78.5%±3.1%, with an average energy loss of 21.2%±3.1% (40.6 kcal/d in the full-dose almond phase). Bioaccessibility of energy and fat from the diet as a whole was significantly less with almond consumption (in both half- and full-dose phases) compared with the control. Bioaccessibility of fat was significantly different between treatment phases (P<.001) and on average lower by 5.1% and 6.3% in the half- and full-dose almond phases, respectively, compared with the control phase. Energy bioaccessibility was significantly different between the treatment phases (P=.02), decreasing by approximately 2% with the inclusion of the full dose of almonds compared with the control. CONCLUSION Energy content of almonds may not be as bioaccessible in individuals with hyperlipidemia as predicted by Atwater factors, as suggested by the increased fat excretion with almond intake compared with the control. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00507520.

Methodological quality

Publication Type : Randomized Controlled Trial

Metadata

MeSH terms : Hyperlipidemias